茶蚜生物学及综合防治研究进展

茶蚜是我国茶树的主要害虫之一。本文概述了茶蚜的主要生物学、生态学以及综合防治技术方面的进展,主要包括茶蚜的形态特征、发生规律、茶蚜对寄主的选择以及综合防治等,并对今后的工作重点进行了展望。     

Initial screening of chili and sweet pepper germplasm for resistance to chili thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood

Summary A preliminary evaluation for resistance to chili thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood of 41 and 194 pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) germplasms during 1987 and 1988, respectively, indicated chili accessions may be a promising source of resistance. In contrast, all sweet pepper accessions tested were highly susceptible. A number of chili accessions produced a moderate yield, in spite of a high thrips infestation indicating tolerance to S. dorsalis. Rating for thrips damage was more reliable and efficient than estimating thrips numbers in screening pepper accessions for resistance to thrips. Highly significant, positive correlation between ratings at the seedling stage and final rating for thrips damage indicated the feasibility of screening pepper accessions at the seedling stage. Comparing the similarities in rating among accessions resulted in 40 distinct groups. The variance-covariance matrix of the data from these 40 groups was subjected to principal component analysis. This accounted for 56 and 18 per cent of the variation across the two principal axes, respectively. Projection of chili and sweet pepper accessions along these two axes revealed three distinct clusters. About 80 per cent of chili accessions formed the first cluster, 58 per cent of the sweet pepper accessions formed the second cluster and a third cluster exhibited intermediate ratings for thrips damage. The significance of these findings in relation to geographical divergence and resistance to thrips among pepper accessions is discussed.     

非洲橘硬蓟马的检疫特征与风险分析

本文通过对非洲橘硬蓟马的形态特征进行介绍,运用有害生物风险分析的方法,从国内分布状况、潜在危害性、寄主植物经济重要性、传播扩散的可能性以及风险管理难度等方面,综合评价了非洲橘硬蓟马的危险性,提出相关的风险性管理对策。以期为非洲橘硬蓟马的检疫鉴定以及制定相关的监测及检疫决策提供科学依据。     

大剂量生白术配伍枳实治疗慢传输型便秘62例

目的 观察大剂量生白术配伍枳实治疗慢传输型便秘的临床疗效。方法 符合纳入标准的慢传输型便秘患者62例,采用大剂量生白术配伍枳实煎剂治疗,14 d为1个疗程,治疗2个疗程。分别记录治疗前、1个疗程后、2个疗程后及停药2周后患者便秘症状评分（CCS）及生活质量估量评分（PAC）。结果 治疗结束时,治愈31例,显效16例,有效10例,无效5例,总有效率91.9%。治疗1个疗程后、2个疗程后及停药2周后与治疗前对比,便秘症状（除腹痛）及生存质量均有显著改善（P<0.05）;治疗2个疗程后、停药2周后与治疗1个疗程后对比,便秘症状（除腹痛与排便辅助方法）及生存质量均有显著改善（P<0.05）。结论 大剂量生白术配伍枳实能显著改善慢传输型便秘患者的临床症状及生活质量,临床疗效确切。     

蜡蚧轮枝菌对茶蚜的侵染动态

接种4株蜡蚧轮枝菌[Lecanicillium(Verticillium) lecanii]菌株V07、V08、V23和V27不同剂量(2×10~3、2×10~4、2×10~5、2×10~6和2×10~7孢子/ml)孢子悬浮液于茶蚜(Toxoptera aurantii)室内种群,观察茶蚜种群的感染流行情况,得到蜡蚧轮枝菌侵染茶蚜的发病指数。结果表明:相同初始接种剂量,菌株V07对烟粉虱的侵染速率最快;同一菌株侵染速率随初始接种孢子浓度的增大而增大。     

基于MaxEnt的非洲橘硬蓟马在全球及中国的潜在分布区预测

非洲橘硬蓟马是柑橘等多种植物的重要检疫性害虫,明确其在全球及中国的潜在分布区域,对于有效控制此虫害在全球的扩散蔓延具有重要的意义。基于最大熵算法的生态位模型MaxEnt 和地理信息系统软件Arc-Gis 对非洲橘硬蓟马进行适生区分析及预测,用受试者工作特征曲线对预测模型和结果进行评估,用Jackknife 法分析影响非洲橘硬蓟马的重要因子。结果表明,非洲橘硬蓟马在全球的适生区为非洲南部、南美洲中东部、墨西哥中部、澳大利亚东海岸、印度南部、东南亚中部和西亚的也门;该虫在中国的高风险区为海南大部和云南中部,中风险区为贵州大部、广西大部、广东大部、福建东南沿海和四川西南部。对非洲橘硬蓟马发生具有重要影响的是温度季节性变化标准差、等温性和年均温变化范围。     

不同寄主植物上茶黄硬蓟马mtDNACOⅠ序列分析

采用线粒体DNACOⅠ基因片段作为分子标记,对11个不同寄主上的茶黄硬蓟马(Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood)进行系统发育研究,获得655bp的线粒体DNACOⅠ基因片段。序列分析结果表明,不同寄主上茶黄硬蓟马mtDNACOⅠ的遗传距离在0~0.046之间,平均遗传距离为0.012。其中遗传距离最大的是木棉,遗传距离为0.046;杧果、荔枝、鳄梨、番荔枝、龙眼、咖啡无差异,遗传距离为0。基于COⅠ构建的11种寄主上茶黄硬蓟马之间的系统发育MP树显示:杧果、荔枝、鳄梨、番荔枝、龙眼、咖啡、花生、茶树紧密的聚合在一起;辣椒、台湾相思、木棉各为一支。     

茶黄蓟马的生物学特性

茶黄蓟马(Scirtothrips dorsalis Hoods)是江西茶园茶树(Camellia sinensis)叶片上的重要刺吸性害虫。通过室内饲养和野外调查该虫在南昌地区的生物学特性。调查结果表明:该虫在江西黄马茶园1年发生8~10代,主要以成虫和少数若虫越冬。以若虫越冬的个体3月中旬开始羽化;以成虫越冬的个体4月上旬开始产卵。4月中旬茶园始见初孵若虫。11月出现的成虫和少数若虫进入越冬。成若虫喜食嫩芽和幼叶,导致叶片组织坏死。在22~30℃条件下,温度对茶黄蓟马发育历期有显著影响,随着温度升高,卵期、若虫期和成虫寿命都逐渐缩短,卵期8~3.83 d,若虫期15~7.4 d,成虫寿命26.92~16.9 d。     

Estimating the level of fruit scarring by citrus thrips from temperature conditions prior to the end of bloom

In this study, we develop and validate multiple regression models to estimate the degree of fruit scarring by citrus thrips, Scirtothrips citri (Moulton), from heat and chill degree days. Regression coefficients indicate that cool weather during early March (2 March–16 March) and warm weather during bloom are associated with high levels of thrips scarring. The biological mechanisms leading to the temperature-fruit scarring relationships are unknown. An economic analysis suggests that using model predictions may increase the average financial return per hectare and reduce the number of insecticide treatments applied against citrus thrips.